Fostering critical thinking among senior high school students in Colombia has been an unfulfilled goal. This undesirable situation has multiple causes: “critical thinking” has become a mere slogan and its meaning and scope have not been clearly specified despite being widely used in the different levels of the education system. Furthermore, the strategies designed to teach critical thinking lack creativity, reinforce rote learning and the sheer repetition of logic rules besides misallocating the goal of Reasoning and argumentation by focusing only on rhetorical persuasion. Textbooks and core literature in critical thinking suggest that a critical thinker is someone who always has plenty of arguments to defend her beliefs besides being ready to address even destructive criticism. By contrast, critical rationalism emphasizes the importance of a humble approach, acknowledges error, and portrays a critical thinker as someone who is ready to test her most beloved theories against experience and to reject them in the light of the facts that contradict her beliefs and certainties. We consider that a pedagogical approach enriched with fallibilism might be central for a better education and endorse these views with the results of a case study conducted in Manizales, Colombia, which shows that teaching the basics of logic and argumentation by using the central tenets of critical rationalism fosters critical thinking among senior high school students

Introduction and propose: According to some evidence in most countries. Nurses with high educational qualifications, are not qualified to express their ideas.Methods: This study aims to determine the level of Master of Science nursing students’ ethical Reasoning and its related factors. This descriptive correlation study was conducted in Tehran, 2012. Samples of the study consisted of 236 master nursing students. The instrument used in it was nursing dilemma test (NDT) questionnaire which was based on Kohlberg theory of ethical development. Results: In this study, 27 nursing students (11.3%) pre-conventional level, 68 students (28.7%) in conventional and 112 nursing students (47.8%) in the post-conventional and 29 (12.1%) nursing students were within the clinical considerations. Also, the experience level of nursing students ' moral Reasoning was significant negative correlation was found. Conclusion: This study showed that although about half of the nursing students in the post-conventional stage of moral development were acceptable, but still a significant number of them are in the lower level of moral development. This shows the need for greater attention to moral education nursing students in planning nursing courses.

One of the main drivers of exports complexity and changes in production structure in Developing countries is productive Abilities (accumulated knowledge). This paper aims to estimate the effectiveness of factors driving productive Abilities on exports complexities of Developing countries using a panel data for the period 1997-2013 and Generalized Least Squares method. The result shows that factors generating productive Abilities on export complexities in Developing countries are heterogeneous across income levels and that foreign direct investment is the only factor which has a significant impact on country’ s export complexities. Developing countries need to increase their exports complexity through attracting foreign direct investment in order to achieve high economic growth.

ABS TRACT: To s tudy human social behavior concerning the environment, the concepts of privacy, personal space, and territory have been s tudied by interdisciplinary experts. Examining how behavior is formed in the environment is very important in improving the environment's design with the culture of uses. Since experts in the field of architecture and urban planning need to provide real and objective solutions, they often do not have the opportunity to conduct practical research on the concepts of privacy. Identifying the formation of privacy of users can be desirable in the design of new housing. By linking the main concept and how they are in the architectural elements of different cultures, a cultural pattern appropriate to each region can be achieved. The main purpose of this s tudy is to link the main concept with the cultural and architectural perspectives. This logical Reasoning s tudy used content analysis in two fields privacy and culture. For this purpose, definitions related to the privacy of collection and the method of open coding of its categories have been extracted. Then the privacy layers are extracted using social sciences and environmental psychology s tudies by summarizing qualitative content analysis. The semantic model of Rapoport's cultural meaning and privacy are combined in the research, and the main matrix of how the cultural layers of privacy are formed is drawn. Based on this matrix, the layers of social behavior can be categorized from the initial qualitative-perceptual level to quantitative-behavioral.

The aim of this study has been Developing a comprehensive, reliable, and valid package for the assessment of cognitive and psychomotor Abilities of children. To this end, 661 children were selected using stratified random sampling. They were then divided to six age groups, ranging from 6.5 to 12.5 years old. This study was conducted using the Cross Battery Assessment method in four steps: a) the selection of an axial scale, b) the selection of supplementary scales, c) the conduction of preliminary experimental study, and d) the conduction of the main study and the assessment of the validity and reliability of the final scale. According to the retest results, the correlation coefficients of the scales ranged between 0.76 (for tactile ability) and 0.98 (for fluid Reasoning), indicating the appropriate validity of them. The coefficient of agreement between experts for the content validity of the scales was somewhere between 0.1 and 0.6. To measure the construct validity through the age discrimination method, multivariate analysis of variance showed significant differences between different age groups in all Abilities. In addition, the factor analysis confirmed this three-factor structure, consisting of cognitive and psychomotor Abilities, speed, and efficiency.

Objective: In advanced educational systems, attention to efficient and fundamental educational methods is the core educational goal and the evaluation of the effectiveness of these procedures is continuously conducted. Therefore, the present study aimed to design a critical thinking instruction program and determine the effectiveness of critical thinking instruction program in cognitive and behavioral outcomes in second year high school students.Methods: The present study was conducted with a semi-experimental design (an unequal control group and pre-test-post-test). The study population included 11th grade female students in Tabriz city in the academic year 2021-2022. Using multi-stage random cluster method, two classes (30 subjects) were selected and one class was assigned as an experimental group and the other one as control group. For the experimental group, critical thinking strategies were taught during 10 sessions, and the control group did not receive any intervention. During pre-test and post-test, dependent variables were measured using Beck and J. Sapp's multidimensional questioning scale, activity evaluation form for California, Kember et al.'s logical thinking questionnaire, as well as Cassidy and Long's problem solving questionnaire.Results: Data were analyzed by multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance. Results showed that critical thinking instruction program was effective in the improvement of the ability of questioning, logical Reasoning, and problem solving in high school students (F=34.12, p<0.05). However, this instruction program was not effective in the ability to evaluate.Conclusions: Hence, it can be concluded that cognitive skills, especially questioning, logical Reasoning, and the ability to solve problems through systematic training program, could be changed and manipulated, and the systematic application of critical thinking could facilitate the attainment of these outcomes.

Purpose: The future of the construction industry is increasingly influenced by new technologies. In order to adopt appropriate strategies in facing new technologies, it is necessary to know the possible futures of the construction industry. This research was done with the aim of explaining the technological uncertainties and compiling the future scenarios of the construction industry.  Method: The research method is applied and was carried out with a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. First, the library study was used to determine the technological drivers, then the Structural Analysis was used to explain the technological uncertainties, and finally, the Schwartz method was used to compile the scenarios. The statistical population is experts of construction industry. Findings: Nine technological uncertainties affecting the future of the construction industry have been identified and for each of them, three states of decline, stagnation and progress have been considered. Data analysis by Scenario Wizard shows eight probable scenarios. The portfolio of scenarios including four groups of progress scenarios, towards progress, towards stagnation, and towards wane has been compiled. Conclusion: In the progress scenario, the 89% of uncertainties have developed. In  towards progress, 56% of the factors are in the development status, which indicates the development of the technological factor application. In the stagnation scenario, no progress has been made in the application of uncertainties and they are in a static state. In towards wane, uncertainties have been placed in a situation of reduced use.